Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined by two broad groups of behavioural problems: inattentiveness, and a combination of hyperactivity and impulsiveness. Common symptoms within these groups include a short attention span, restlessness, being easily distracted, and constant fidgeting.

ADHD is the most common behavioural disorder in the UK. It is estimated that the condition affects between 3-9% of school-aged children and young people. ADHD can be a life-long condition, and many children who have it continue to have symptoms in adolescence and adulthood. However, it is still uncertain as to whether ADHD can occur in adults without first appearing in childhood.

Children naturally have a tendency towards the kind of behaviour that ADHD causes, but this behaviour should not be confused with ADHD. There are several criteria that must be met for a child to be diagnosed with ADHD. Adults are harder to diagnose because there is no definitive set of age-appropriate symptoms.

Symptoms of ADHD tend to start at an early age, and they may become more noticeable when a child’s circumstances change, such as starting school. Many people with ADHD also have additional problems, such as sleep disorders, low self-esteem, and learning difficulties. However, ADHD has no effect on intelligence.

There is no cure for ADHD, but it can be managed using medication. There are several medical treatments for ADHD, all of which should be accompanied by psychological, educational and social therapies.

The symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be categorised into two broad groups of behavioural problems – symptoms of inattentiveness, and symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsiveness. It is not fully understood whether these problems are an extreme form of normal behaviour, or part of a separate range of behaviour altogether.

People with ADHD usually have symptoms that define them as having one of three subtypes of the condition. The subtypes are:

• ADHD mainly inattentive,
• ADHD mainly hyperactive-impulsive, or
• ADHD combined.

For example, if you or your child has symptoms of all three behavioural problems – inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness – they may have ADHD combined, which is the most common subtype of ADHD. Alternatively, if you or your child has symptoms of inattentiveness, but not hyperactivity, or impulsiveness, they may have ADHD mainly inattentive. This form of ADHD is also known as attention deficit disorder (ADD).

Childhood ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in boys than in girls, but this may be due to a tendency for the diagnosis to look for disruptive behaviour, which is more noticeable and tends to be more common in boys than girls. Girls with ADHD often have the mainly inattentive form of the condition, which may make them quiet and dreamy, and can sometimes go unnoticed. As a result, some research suggests that ADHD could be under-diagnosed in girls, and could be more common than previously thought. You will find a guide book on the subject very useful.

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